Self-government – that is, a people exercising all the necessary functions of power without interference of a higher authority that they can’t control themselves -- is a long-standing tradition in the United States. It is also at the core of the Declaration of Independence, signed two hundred and thirty two years ago, and which we celebrate today.

Thomas Jefferson, the document’s primary author, wrote that self-rule is “the separate and equal station” a people are entitled to under “the laws of nature and of nature’s God”. It did not come easily. America’s early history is marked by conflict with other countries threatened by republican government and among Americans themselves over the ultimate form that that government would take. But the Declaration laid the framework for a nation that would endure and grow, inspiring similar independence movements around the world.

When war first broke out between Britain and its North American colonists, few imagined, let alone supported, creation of a new nation. Historians note that even as the fighting raged, the colonists were deeply divided over the future. Roughly a third came to believe a complete break was needed, a third remained loyal to the British crown and a third simply wanted to be left alone to raise their families and do their jobs.

The fifty-six men who signed the Declaration on July 4, 1776, cast the first votes for independence. Their fellow citizens ratified the choice, and with it the then-radical, but now near universal principle that government should be based on the consent of the governed.